Epidural hemorrhages (EDH) are bleeding in epidural space, usually occur in the middle cranial fossa via laceration of the middle meningeal artery, although they can also occur in the anterior and posteri6r fossae. They are usually lenticular shaped and are bounded by suture lines where the pericranial layer of dura attaches to the skull. Classically patients suffered from EDH experience a luci…
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) morbidit), and mortality are due to primary and secondary injury. Primary injury is due to mechanical forces during the trauma process and secondary injury is subsequent process following the primary impact. This secondary injury processes involving increased excitatory amino acids, ionic imbalance, decreased ATP level, unusual proteolytic enzyme activity, and oxida…
During Traumatic brain injury, secondary insults will led to physiological and biochemical cascade that disturbing cerebral energy metabolism. After traumatic brain injury, sustained changes in cellular energy metabolism have been described as accelerated glycolysis or mitochondrial dysfunction. Traumatic brain injury is associated with increasing energy needs to res tore cerebral ionic hemosta…