Epidural hemorrhages (EDH) are bleeding in epidural space, usually occur in the middle cranial fossa via laceration of the middle meningeal artery, although they can also occur in the anterior and posteri6r fossae. They are usually lenticular shaped and are bounded by suture lines where the pericranial layer of dura attaches to the skull. Classically patients suffered from EDH experience a luci…
Trauma is still the most cause of death in the world. In America more than 90,000 people die because of trauma, mostly traffic accident and violence. Around 20% of the victim had multiple trauma and spinal cord injury. Around 55 % patient of spine injury was located at cervical part and 5% of patient with head injury should have spine injury. AmaIe, 21 years old, with spinal cord injury in comp…
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) morbidit), and mortality are due to primary and secondary injury. Primary injury is due to mechanical forces during the trauma process and secondary injury is subsequent process following the primary impact. This secondary injury processes involving increased excitatory amino acids, ionic imbalance, decreased ATP level, unusual proteolytic enzyme activity, and oxida…
Anesthesia procedure in the prone position was often necessary in order to facilitate access to a variety of surgical operations, including neurosurgery among others, the spine surgery. In addition to physiological changes, some complications can also occur in the prone position that should receive special attention, so it requires a good understanding of this issue. Case: Laminectomy was bein…
During Traumatic brain injury, secondary insults will led to physiological and biochemical cascade that disturbing cerebral energy metabolism. After traumatic brain injury, sustained changes in cellular energy metabolism have been described as accelerated glycolysis or mitochondrial dysfunction. Traumatic brain injury is associated with increasing energy needs to res tore cerebral ionic hemosta…