Mild steel MMAW (Manual Metal) Arc Welding) is a common method to join metals permanently. This process produces manganese fume. Menganese is an essential element with hazardous effectto central nervous system if inhaled in excessive concentration. The aim of this study was to assess blood manganese (MnB) and urinary menganese (MnU) in 19 MMAW welders and 19 unexposed controls, which were equiv…