ABSTRACT Laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubations are frequently conducted in general anesthesia. However, it can stimulate symphatic and sympatoadrenal activities. Several non and pharmacological interventions have been used to reduce the symphatic stimulation. Fentanyl is one of the opioid drugs that frequently used to decrease the cardiovascular responses after the intubations. In or…
Traumatic brain injury is one of life-threatening condition to victims of serious accidents, and is the leading cause of disability and death in adults and children. Subdural hematoma is a focal intracranial lesions are most common, about 24% of patients with severe closed head injury. Oedema cerebral commonly encountered in clinical practice and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in c…
Background and Objective: Intraventricular and intracerebral haemorrhage is an acute condition that can occurs spontaneously due to hypertension or rupture of aneurism, and also can be occurs as a result from brain damage caused by trauma. Management in this acute condition can be done by either giving particular drugs or through surgical procedures. The aim of surgical procedure is to reduce a…
Meningiomas are brain tumors that are very likely to bleed from the meninges and spinal cord tissue, brain tissue does not grow out of Meningiomas usually grow into that causes pressure on the brain and spinal cord, but also grew out towards the skull, resulting in thickening of the skull. Meningioma not always require immediate treatment. Signs and symptoms of meningioma is usually gradual but…
Background and Objective : The tissue has a difJerent requirement for glucose. The brain has the greatest need for glucose. The brain is very susceptible to ischemia suggests that the brain has a high metabolic rate. Mechanism of ischemic injury is the biochemical changes and physiological changes that occur due to circulatory disturbances. Such changes as: (1) The loss of high energy phosphate…