Hyperglycemia in pregnancy, or formerly known as gestational diabetes mellitus, is defined as carbohydrate intolerance of variable severity with onset or first recognition uring pregnancy. The classical screening and diagnosis of hyperglycemia in pregnancy is the twosteps screening, consists of 50 gram glucose load and follow by 3-hour 100 gram oral glucose test for those who were screening pos…
Gestation transient thyrotoxicosis refers to nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism in pregnant women and it is associated with hyperemesis gravidarum. During pregnancy, there are some alterations in thyroid gland, such as elevation of thyroxine binding globulin, increased iodium clearance in kidneys, and stimulation of thyroid gland by human chorionic gonadotropin. Hitherto, the patholphysiology underl…
Adrenal Incidentaloma is an adrenal tumor, which is unidentified before the imaging procedures conducted for an abnormality which is initially unforeseen as an adrenal disease. Symptoms and/or clinical signs of adrenal Incidentaloma can be divided into non-hypersecreting adrenal adenoma, hypersecreting tumor, primary adrenal carcinoma, other adrenal mass, and metastases. The majority of adrena…